FARZANA PERVEEN — новинки

Asian black bear, Ursus thibetanus Cuvier was widely distributed throughout Pakistan few decades ago, but now it is vulnerable. The present research was conducted to know about its population and human-bear conflict (n=120) in the Palas valley, Kohistan, Pakistan during May-July 2010. During the survey, 3 black bears were seen directly at 2 places, fecal materials were collected at 5 places and footprints were found at 6 places. 12 people incidentally sighted it. It is common in its population was increasing (66.7%) and became the highest during June-August (47.5%). The biggest problem of livestock of people was predation by U. thibetanus (60%). People mostly hunted it due to its crop raiding (57%) and attacking on the livestock (39%). It attacked different crops by tearing and eating (73%), on fruiting (75%) of maize, Zea mays L., in early morning (48%) and recognized by footprints (76%), therefore, people stayed at night in fields to prevent their crops (57%). The highest population was found in summer (48%). Damage compensation schemes should be launched in the area to control the retaliatory killings and conserve the declining population of U. thibetanus. Total 29 U. thibetanus

Recent trend for the control of pests has been towards the use of substances of plant origin. Present investigation was carried out to determine the toxicity, residual effects and reduction in fertility of the plants viz. the Indian Oleander, Nerium indicum; apple of Sodom, Calotropis procera and Karonda, Carissa carandass methanolic leaves extract against adult of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and graham bean weevil, Callosobruchus analis as compared with the Coopex which is synthetic pyrethroid. The LD50 of N. indicum extract was found to be 9.43 µl/cm2 and for Coopex it was 11.0 µl/cm2. The residual effect after 4 days of treatment caused 54% mortality in the case of N. indicum extract and 40% for Coopex. However, after 7 days the mortality was 2% in the case of N. indicum extract and 10% in the case of Coopex. The trend of reduction in fertility was the same in both N. indicum leaves extract and Coopex, i.e., it was increased gradually from lower to higher doses. Nerium indicum leaves extract reduced fertility significantly compared with Coopex. It was also noted that extract of Car. carandass was more toxic as compared to other extract and Coopex against C. analis.

Prevalence of the risk factors of the medical and genetic disorders in F1-generation of parents having consanguineous marriages increases with the passage of time. It is a big challenge for our society to compete this situation. To control them, it is necessary to get complete information of their prevalence and their risk factors. The main objective of this study was to know the consanguineous marriages in relation with their frequency among different age groups, and its main medical and genetic affects, malformations, transmittance of the existing genetic diseases. Two studies were conducted in different areas of the Lower Dir and Bajaur Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan where they are dominant. Data were collected from 300 and 123 consanguineous married couples from the areas,through questionnaire comprised of information about complete history and risk factors. According to these results,the couples having genetic disorders like anemia,obesity and thalassaemia;however,non-genetic disorders, bone diseases,depressive illness and respiratory diseases.Such communities may require comprehensive genetic education,premarital genetic counseling programms for awareness and education.

Biological data possess many special characteristics that make biological data management challenging. Ecological samplings are carried out over extended periods of time, with sampling taking place at regular intervals within a particular habitat. It is highly complex when compared with most other applications. Data collection methods for impact evaluation vary along a continuum. At the one end of this continuum are quantitative methods and at the other end of the continuum are qualitative methods for data collection. The choice of method is influenced by the data collection strategy, the type of variable, the accuracy required the collection point and the skill of the enumerator. The science of ecology is so broad that advances in other disciplines often directly benefit ecological research techniques include the development of biotechnology, telemetric instrumentation, satellite tracking and location systems and remote sensing technology. Computers have facilitated the use of larger data sets, as well as access to national and global data sets. Basic observations recorded with a pencil and notebook is likely to remain a major component of field ecology for the foreseeable future.

The present study was conducted for efficient and quality production of stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on grain moth, Sitotroga cereallela (Olivier) and rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (St.). Biological control offers effective alternatives for the control of many insect pests. The most favorable temperature was 28 ?C on which maximum rate of parasitism and adult emergence were obtained from S. cereallela eggs as compared to C. cephalonica eggs. Under no choice test, the percentage of oviposition and adult emergence was the highest at 2 h eggs of both hosts. For host density percentage parasitism and adult longevity was the highest at 20 eggs whereas emergence was the highest from 10 eggs of S. cereallela while of C. cephalonica percentage parasitism and emergence was the highest at 10 eggs. For parasitoid density, parasitism was the highest at 5 pairs of Trichogramma. It is concluded that S. cereallela eggs more suitable as compare to C. cephalonica eggs for mass and quality rearing of parasitoid, T. chilonis. Use of T. chilonis is the most appreciated to control of specific hosts as biological control agents.

The present research was conducted during May 2009 to September 2010 to explore the spider fauna of FR Peshawar, FATA, Pakistan. Spiders were collected and identified. Their 23 species belonging to 15 genera and 09 families were reported. The reported families Clubionidae, Scytodidae and Sprassidae covered 4%, Araneidae, Gnaphosidae, Pholicidae and Salticidae 9%, Thomisidae 13% and Lycosidae 43% biodiversity of spiders of FATA. However, the largest spider collected was huntsman, Isopoda tuhodnigra (Barrion) with total body length 15.80±0.83 mm. Moreover, the smallest spider was wolf spider, Pardosa birmanica (Simon) with total body length 4.20±1.30 mm. Further, the daddy long leg, Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall) has the longest legs with first leg length 49.70±3.71 mm and last leg length 41.50±3.13 mm. Furthermore, jumping spider Plexippus paykullii (Audouni) has the smallest legs with first leg length 5.8±0.83 mm and last leg 4.50±0.83 mm. However, the crab spiders, Thomisus pugilis (Stoliczka), T. spectabilis (Doleschall) and Diaea evanida (Thorell) were the most colorful species belonging to family Thomisidae. Moreover, most of the species recorded have brown and grayish in color.

Pearls have been known to mankind since the beginning of civilization. The success of the pearl culture industry depends on the high rate of production of quality pearls. The value of a pearl depends on its quality, size, shape, colour and lustre. Being a product of biological origin, individual variations are bound to occur in each pearl. The secretion of the mantle or the pearl-sac, which leads to the formation of the pearl, may be organic or inorganic or both in origin, with unpredictable and subtle variations in structure and composition. The final product may range from the finest to the trash. Even under the highest possible human control, the quality of cultured pearls cannot control absolutely but can considerably improve through appropriate care in surgery and during farming. Only the size and shape of the cultured pearls are under the control of the pearl culturist. However, the colour and luster, which depend on the secretion of the pearlsac, can also improve to some extent by proper understanding of individual biological and physiological factors as well as the environmental conditions of the culture farms, which influence the formation of pearls.

A survey of 29 wetlands in the Fraser River of British Columbia suggested that red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans is well established and more widely distributed. Their history, habitat requirements, relative density, size distribution were coexisted with the Western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), invasive species are one of the most important causes of biodiversity decline at a global scale. Pet voluntary introductions are made by public and usually concern only one or two individuals per occasion. Hatchling of T. s. elegans has been massively exported from the United States America (USA) to European and Asian countries to be sold as pets. Recent studies with T. s. elegans have shown that exogenous estradiol-even when applied to eggshell was affecting sex development during embryogenesis. Aroclor produced most powerful effects, shifting the ratio of females almost twofold. The daily and seasonal changes in ventilation and breathing pattern resulted solely from daily and seasonal oscillations in metabolism or also from changes in chemo-reflex sensitivity.

Turtle is aquatic or semi-aquatic animal with webbed feet. Tortoise is terrestrial animal with clubbed feet, domed shell and generally inhabiting warmer regions. Terrapin is a turtle living in fresh or brackish water. The term originally referred to the diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin. Each spring female turtles must find a suitable location to dig a nest and lay eggs and leaves them to develop and hatch on their own. During the weeks of incubation, many eggs are dug up and eaten by predators or succumb to disease. There is a marked contrast to box turtles and tortoise species, which tend to have a high, domed shell and stumpy, elaphantine feet better suited for walking around on land. A two-step model has been proposed for the evolutionary origin of the turtle shell. The carapacial ridge (CR) is critical for the entry of the ribs into the dorsal dermis. Turtle derbies have a long history in many communities in eastern, mid-western, and southern states. Turtles as well as other reptiles carry Salmonella bacteria that can make humans sick. Children younger than 5 years of age and immune-compromised persons of any age should avoid contact them.

The equines [horse, Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus; donkey or ass, Equus asinus Linnaeus; hinny (female)/ mule (male), Equus mulus (synonym) Linnaeus] are used for the heavy work in the most of the mountainous areas as well as in the cities. During September-2010 to January-2011, the present research was conducted to study the prevalence of infestation of gastrointestinal helminthes parasites in locally available equines in different areas of Peshawar, Pakistan. For this purpose, 96 faecal samples of E. ferus, 81 of E. asinus and 31 of E. mulus were collected. The young stages equines, those were highly effective to gastrointestinal helminthes parasites have more stunted growth. This study shows that working equines in different areas of Peshawer, Pakistan are infected with middle to low range of gastrointestinal helminthes parasites and are representatives of the important pathogenic parasites found in equines worldwide. It can be concluded that good management practices, education and awareness of the equines holders is of prime importance in reducing helminthes infestation in equines to utilize its maximum efficiencies.

Recent trend for the control of insect pests has been towards the use of substances of plant origin. Toxicity and residual effects of the yellow-berried nightshade, Solanum surrattense Burm. leaves extract were determined against adults of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by contact/filter paper method under laboratory condition. The lowest mortality 15% was observed at the minimum dose 2.4 ?l/cm2 and the highest 100% was observed at the maximum 16.8 ?l/cm2 after 24 h. The LD50 of S. surrattense was found 8.02 ?l/cm2. Finally, residual effect of the same plant extract was observed for 8-days. During 1st day, mortality, the lowest was 49.4% at minimum 2.4 ?l/cm2 doses and the highest mortality was 91.6% at maximum 11.8 ?l/cm2 dose. During 7th day, mortality, the lowest was 5.0% at 2.4 ?l/cm2 and the highest was 60.5% at 11.8 ?l/cm2. During 8th day, mortality, the lowest was 2.4 % at 2.4 ?l/cm2 and the highest was 11.1% at 11.8 ?l/cm2.

The Naran and Kaghan Valleys are more prominent among all the tourism spots due to its compositions of allurements. Tourists not only from abroad but different corners of the country always come to see these beautiful Valleys. The Kaghan Valley's remote mountains, dales, lakes, waterfalls, streams, and glaciers remain in a pristine state, some within Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park. The Valley is a prime destination during summer, from May through September. In May, the temperature ranges between a maximum of 11 °C (52 °F) and a minimum of 3 °C (37 °F). From the middle of July to the end of September the Naran-Babusar road beyond Naran Valley is open through Kagan Valley and over Babusar Pass. Access is restricted during the monsoon and winter seasons. The Kaghan area can be reached by roads via the towns of Balakot, Abbottabad, and Mansehra on the Karakoram Highway. In Balakot, one may find buses and other transports to reach Naran Village and the valley. There are more than a dozen big and small lakes in the valley, but three are more popular among the tourists: Saiful Muluk, Dudipatsar and Lulusar.

Honeybees are essential pollinators for most of the crops, oil seeds, vegetables and ornamental flowers. In 2000, the value of American crops pollinated by bees was estimated to be $ 14.6 billion. Simultaneous infections of deformed wing virus and acute bee paralysis virus were most frequengly observed in colonies suffering from weakness, depopulation and sudden collapse. Variances were found in the distribution of black queen cell virus and sacbrood bee virus. There was less than a 2% difference in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences between kakugo virus strains from aggressive workers and those from other worker populations. The distribution of deformed wing virus infection within the honeybee reproductive castes (queens, drones) was investigated by in situ hybridization and immunohistology from paraffin embedded sections. It spread in digestive tract of the bee but also in the whole body, including queen ovaries, queen fat bodies and drone seminal vesicles. It was suggesting that colony disease outbreaks might result from environmental factors that lead to activation of viral replication in bees.